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Welcome! You have reached the Siouan languages page, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.

Siouan Languages

updated 3-20-2002 The Siouan languages (Hokan-Siouan) comprise one sub-branch of the Siouan- Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. The Siouan languages include Assiniboine, Crow, Dakota, Hidatsa (also called Minitari and Gros Ventre), Iowa, Kansa (also called Kaw), Lakota, Mandan, Oglala (also called Ogalalla), Omaha, Osage, Oto, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw (also called Arkansas), Winnebago, and Yankton. SI Mooney, James, 1861-1921 2.3: The Siouan tribes of the East. -- Washington : 22 RID: 02-14653 ITEM #: sio00002 497.4 Nickol, Robert O. N632n Native American discourse : an analysis of twenty O'othham narrative fragments. -- 1994. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 1994. RID: int wln94-334336 ITEM #: tnk00001 SI Pilling, James Constantine, 1846-1895 2.3: Bibliography of the Siouan languages. -- 5 Washington : RID: 01-13572 ITEM #: sio00001

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Assiniboine

updated 3-29-2004 Assiniboine (Hokan-Siouan), also spelled Assiniboin and also called Nadoda, belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub-branch of the Siouan- Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. It is spoken at the Fort Belknap and Fort Peck Reservations in Montana; also at Carry-the-Kettle, Whitebear, and Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head Reserves in Saskatchewan. Speakers at Fort Peck and Whitebear speak one dialect, and the others named speak another dialect. The Stoney community in southern Alberta speaks a more distinct dialect. Assiniboine is written with the Latin alphabet, but in the 1990's, a variation called the Nakoda alphabet was developed by educators at Fort Belknap College working with Indiana University and with elders in the Fort Belknap community. The Nakoda alphabet includes some letters having diacritics. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004 970.3 Dusenberry, Verne, 1906- A848d Notes on the material culture of the Assiniboine Indians. -- [S.l. : s.n., 1960?] RID: wln86-127151 ITEM #: asn00002 497 Groom-Hall, Mary H1782i Indigenous language revitalization in Montana. -- 2003 Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Montana, 2003. RID: --- ITEM #: asn00011 970.3 Kennedy, Dan A848k Recollections of an Assiniboine chief / Dan Kennedy (Ochankugahe). -- Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1972 RID: 72-197882 ITEM #: asn00003 970.3 Miller, David Reed, 1949- A848m Montana Assiniboine identity. -- 1987. RID: wln88-303232 ITEM #: asn00005 497.52 The Nakoda alphabet book. -- Harlem, Mont. : Fort Belknap College, 1997 N163 RID: wln97-226394 ITEM #: asn00001 970.3 Rodnick, David, 1908- A848r.a The Fort Belknap Assiniboine of Montana. -- New York : AMS Press, 1978 RID: 76-43811 ITEM #: asn00007 970.3 Rodnick, David, 1908- A848r The Fort Belknap Assiniboine of Montana. -- Philadelphia : [s.n.], 1938 RID: wln94-356419 ITEM #: asn00006 970.3 Writers' Program. Montana A848w The Assiniboines :from the accounts of the Old Ones told 1961 to First Boy (James Larpenteur Long) / edited and with an introd. by Michael Stephen Kennedy. -- Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1961 RID: 61-6502 ITEM #: asn00009 970.3 Writers' Program. Montana A848w.a Land of Nakoda. -- Helena, Mont. : State Pub. Co., 1942 RID: 73-3634 ITEM #: asn00010 970.3 Writers' program. Montana A848w Land of Nakoda. -- Helena, Mont. : State publishing company, 1942 RID: 42-36831 ITEM #: asn00008
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Caddo

updated 9-18-2002 Caddo (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. As such, it is not a Siouan language per se, but a sister to the Siouan languages. Caddo is spoken in Oklahoma. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] : Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004 497.5 Chafe, Wallace L C433c The Caddoan, Iroquoian and Siouan ... RID: 76-383604 ITEM #: cad00001 976.3004979 La Vere, David L3996c The Caddo chiefdoms. -- [S.l.] : University of Nebraska Press, 1998 RID: 98-13860 ITEM #: cad00002 978.01 Moyer, David M9383e Examining variation in shield bearing warrior rock art. -- 1999 Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 1999. RID: --- ITEM #: paw00004 812.5080897 Stories of our way : an anthology of American Indian S8848 plays. -- [S.l.] : UCLA American Indian Studies Center, 1999 RID: 98-74559 ITEM #: nav00012
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Crow

updated 10-30-2000 Crow (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Crow is spoken in Montana; it is now the official language on the Crow Reservation. Until the 1970's, Crow has been written with the Latin alphabet. Then Unarose He Does It developed an orthography for Crow which more easily represents its sounds, so it is now also written using this Crow orthography. 970.3 Irvin, Ben F C953ir Language and culture mobilization in public schools on the Crow Reservation since the Crow Act of 1920. -- 1995. Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Montana, 1995. Includes several poems in Crow. RID: int wln95-153771 ITEM #: cro00004 497.5 Lowie, Robert Harry, 1883-1957 L918cr Crow word lists RID: 60-14381 ITEM #: cro00001 497.5 Medicine Horse, Mary Helen M489d A dictionary of everyday Crow. -- 1987 Crow Agency, Mont. Ref. RID: wln90-164873 ITEM #: cro00002 M Prando, Peter Paul 220.9505 History of the Old Testament P899 RID: wln92-467508 ITEM #: cro00003

Bibliography

Pease, Linda.  "Living languages, living cultures : bilingual education among the Crow," a
  lecture given by the Administrator of Vocational Education at Little Big Horn College, Crow
  Agency, Mont., as part of the University of Montana's Charter Day celebrations, Feb. 20, 1997.

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Dakota

updated 11-2-2000 Dakota (Hokan-Siouan), also called Sioux, belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Dakota is spoken in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska. Dakota is written with the Latin alphabet. SI Boas, Franz, 1858-1942 2.3: Handbook of American Indian languages. -- 40 Washington : pt. 1 RID: 11-8930 ITEM #: tli00003 497.5 Buechel, Eugene, 1874-1954 B928d A dictionary of the Teton ... Ref. RID: 74-114669 ITEM #: dak00001 497.5 Chafe, Wallace L C433c The Caddoan, Iroquian and Siouan ... RID: 76-383604 ITEM #: dak00002 497.5 Deloria, Ella Cara D362d Dakota texts RID: 73-3550 ITEM #: dak00003 264.03 Episcopal Church. E64b.D [Book of common prayer (1928). Dakota. Phillips Selections] The Niobrara service book from the Book ... RID: wln86-142631 ITEM #: dak00004 497.5 Grant, Paul WarCloud G762s Sioux Indian dictionary 1971 Ref. RID: 72-178331 ITEM #: dak00005 M Hans, Fred M. 970.3 The great Sioux nation. -- Minneapolis : D135ha Has chapter on Sioux language. RID: --- ITEM #: dak00008 497.5 Powers, William K P888s Sacred language RID: 86-40079 ITEM #: dak00006 497.503 Riggs, Stephen Return, 1812-1883 R569d A Dakota-English dictionary. -- St. Paul : 1992 Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1992. RID: 92-28736 ITEM #: dak00009 M Tomkins, William 970.6419 Universal Indian sign language of the plains T658u Indians of North America, together with a 1956 simplified method of study, a list of words in most general use, a codification of pictographic symbols of the Sioux and Ojibway; a dictionary of synonyms, a history of sign language, chapters on smoke signaling, use of idioms, etc., and other important co-related matter. -- 12th ed. -- San Diego, Calif. : W. Tomkins, 1956. French and German equivalents are shown with each illustration. RID: wln86-115864 ITEM #: isg00002 497 Tomkins, William T658u Universal Indian sign language of the plains 1937 Indians of North America, together with a simplified method of study, a list of words in most general use, a codification of pictographic symbols of the Sioux and Ojibway; a dictionary of synonyms, a history of sign language, chapters on smoke signaling, use of idioms, etc., and other important co-related matter. -- 7th ed. -- San Diego, Calif. : W. Tomkins, 1937. French and German equivalents are shown with each illustration. RID: wln86-109036 ITEM #: isg00001 M Williamson, John Poage, 1835-1917, comp. 497 An English-Dakota dictionary W731e RID: 02-17036 ITEM #: dak00007
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Dhegiha

updated 9-18-2002 Dhegiha (Hokan-Siouan) is actually a sub-branch of the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. The following languages comprise Dhegiha: Kansa, Omaha, Osage, Ponca, and Quapaw. SI Dorsey, James Owen, 1848-1895 2.3: Omaha and Ponka letters. -- Washington : 11 RID: ITEM #: oma00001
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Lakota

updated 10-30-2000 Lakota (Hokan-Siouan), also called Teton, belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Lakota is spoken in Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and in Canada. Note that Lakota and Oglala are very closely related; some researchers consider them dialects of the same language. They are treated separately in this work. 497.5 Everyday Lakota : an English-Sioux dictionary for beginners / general editor, E93 Joseph S. Karol ; assistant editor, Stephen L. Rozman. -- Rev. version. St. Francis, S.D. : Rosebud Educational Society, 1974. RID: wln91-177713 ITEM #: tet00001 811.009897 Lincoln, Kenneth L737s Sing with the heart of a bear. -- [S.l.] : University of California Press, 2000 Includes songs in Lakota. RID: 99-11519 ITEM #: tet00003 810.80928708997 Reinventing the enemy's language : contemporary native women's R374 writing of North America / edited by Joy Harjo and Gloria Bird. -- New York : Norton, 1997 RID: 96-36547 ITEM #: tet00005 978.03092 White Bull, Joseph, 1849-1947 W5829Z.Eh Lakota warrior. -- [S.l.] : University of Nebraska Press, 1998 1998 Bilingual Lakota and English. RID: 98-39666 ITEM #: tet00004 497.52 White Hat, Albert W5846r.L Reading and writing the Lakota language = Lakota iyapi un wowapi nahan yawapi. -- Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press, 1999 RID: 98-43620 ITEM #: tet00006 970.2 Young Bear, Severt, 1934-1993 Y68 Standing in the light : a Lakota way of seeing / by Severt Young Bear and R. D. Theisz. -- Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1994. RID: 93-50834 ITEM #: tet00002
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Mandan

updated 9-18-2002 Mandan (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan- Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Mandan is spoken in North Dakota. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] : Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004 973.0497 Kupferer, Harriet J K9678a Ancient drums, other moccasins. -- Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 1988 RID: 87-18464 ITEM #: chy00009 970.3 Zemke, Philip Arthur M271z The Mandan Amerindian culture : a study of values transmission. -- 1994 Thesis (M.I.S.)--University of Montana, 1994. RID: --- ITEM #: mnd00001
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Oglala

updated 2-2-2004 Oglala (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Dakota sub-branch of the Mississippi Valley Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub- branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Note that Lakota and Oglala are very closely related; some researchers consider them dialects of the same language. They are treated separately in this work. 970.3 Black Elk, 1863-1950 O35b The sacred pipe. -- Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1953 Chapter titles in Oglala. RID: 53-8810 ITEM #: ogl00001 970.3 Black Elk, 1863-1950 O35b.p The sacred pipe. -- Baltimore : Penguin Books, 1953 Chapter titles in Oglala. RID: wln87-71037 ITEM #: ogl00002 970.62 Brown, Joseph Epes O35b2 Animals of the soul : sacred animals of the Oglala Sioux. -- Rockport, Mass. : Element, 1992 RID: --- ITEM #: ogl00003 970.62 Nowotny, Karl Anton, 1904- O35n Mythen der Oglala. -- Bonn : R. Habelt Verlag, 1979 RID: wln83-65319 ITEM #: ogl00004 970.3 One Feather, Vivian O35o Oglala (Lakota) history and culture. -- 1974 Pine Ridge, SD : Red Cloud Indian School, 1974 RID: wln87-71019 ITEM #: ogl00005 970.63054 Powers, Marilyn M. N. (Marilyn Marla Nancy) P888o Oglala women in myth, ritual, and reality. -- 1982 RID: wln85-85974 ITEM #: ogl00006 970.62 Powers, William K P888b Beyond the vision. -- Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1987 RID: --- ITEM #: ogl0008 970.62 Walker, J. R O35w2 Lakota myth. -- Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1983 Proper names and titles in Oglala. RID: 83-3454 ITEM #: ogl0007
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Osage

updated 7-3-2002 Osage (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan- Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Osage is now spoken in Oklahoma; it is written with the Latin alphabet. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] : Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004 497.5 La Flesche, Francis, d. 1932 L164d A dictionary of the Osage ... RID: 76-21484 ITEM #: osa00001 SI La Flesche, Francis, d.1932 2.3: A dictionary of the Osage language. -- Washington : 109 RID: 32-26841 ITEM #: osa00002 SI La Flesche, Francis, d. 1932 2.3: War ceremony and peace ceremony of the Osage 101 Indians. -- Washington : RID: 39-26934 ITEM #: osa00003 970.6897 Swann, Brian S972s Song of the sky : versions of Native American song-poems. 1993 -- Rev. and expanded ed. -- Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1993. RID: 93-5152 ITEM #: ill00001
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Oto

updated 2-6-2007 Oto (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Chiwere-Winnebago sub-branch of the Mississippi Valley Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. The language name is sometimes spelled Otoe. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] : Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004
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Pawnee

updated 3-18-2002 Pawnee (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Pawnee is spoken in Oklahoma. Pawnee is written with the Latin alphabet. SI Densmore, Frances, 1867-1957 2.3: Pawnee music. -- Washington : 93 RID: 30-26129 ITEM #: paw00003 398.208997 Macfarlan, Allan A., comp. M1435a American Indian legends. - New York : Heritage Press, 1968 RID: --- ITEM #: chr00007 978.01 Moyer, David M9383e Examining variation in shield bearing warrior rock art. -- 1999 Thesis (M.A.)-University of Montana, 1999. RID: --- ITEM #: paw00004 497.5 Parks, Douglas R P252g A grammar ... RID: 75-25121 ITEM #: paw00001 497.5 Weltfish, Gene, 1902- W646c Caddoan texts ... RID: 73-3553 ITEM #: paw00002
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Wichita

updated 9-19-2002 Wichita (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan- Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Wichita is spoken in Oklahoma. 978.00497 Carlson, Paul Howard C2847p The Plains Indians. -- [S.l.] : Texas A&M University Press, 1998 RID: 98-13697 ITEM #: osa00004 978.01 Moyer, David M9383e Examining variation in shield bearing warrior rock art. -- 1999 Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 1999. RID: --- ITEM #: paw00004 497.5 Rood, David S R777w Wichita grammar RID: 75-25122 ITEM #: wic00001
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Winnebago

updated 7-12-2002 Winnebago (Hokan-Siouan), also called Hochangra and Ho Chunk, belongs to the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Winnebago is spoken in Wisconsin and Nebraska. 970.2 Fikes, Jay C. (Jay Courtney), 1951- S669f Reuben Snake, your humble serpent : Indian visionary and activist / as told to Jay C. Fikes. -- Santa Fe, N.M. : Clear Light Publishers, 1996. Contains short Winnebago vocabulary. RID: 94-43554 ITEM #: win00001 897 New voices in Native American literary criticism / edited by Arnold Krupat. -- N532 Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. RID: 92-18673 ITEM #: jiv00001 970.7897 Radin, Paul, 1883-1959 R129h.E The evolution of an American Indian prose epic. -- Baltimore : Waverly Press, 1954- Translation and discussion of the Winnebago prose epic The two boys (Hotcintcinink nunpiwi). RID: wln87-90527 ITEM #: win00003 970.3 Radin, Paul, 1883-1959 W776r.n The Winnebago tribe. -- Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1990 English with some selections in Winnebago. RID: 90-228640 ITEM #: win00002
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Yankton

updated 2-6-2007 Yankton (Hokan-Siouan) belongs to the Dakota sub-branch of the Mississippi Valley Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan sub-branch of the Siouan-Caddoan sub-branch of the Siouan-Yuchi branch of the Hokan-Siouan family of languages. Yankton is also called Nakota, which is actually the name of one of its dialects. Two other dialects are Nakona and Nakoda. 497 Groom-Hall, Mary H1782i Indigenous language revitalization in Montana. -- 2003 Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Montana, 2003. RID: --- ITEM #: asn00011
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