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Welcome! You have reached the page for Miscellaneous Germanic languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana. Included on this page will be those Germanic languages which are not easily grouped elsewhere.

Languages on this page so far are Afrikaans, Flemish, Frisian, Germanic Languages, Gothic, Icelandic, Old Norse, and Yiddish.

Afrikaans

updated 4-16-2002 Afrikaans (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the Franconian sub-branch of the Continental West Germanic sub-branch of the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. It is written with the Latin alphabet, and is the lingua franca of the Republic of South Africa. Although derived from the language of the Dutch settlers there, it also has been influenced a lot by native African languages. 636.005 Agroanimalia. - Pretoria : A281 RID: --- ITEM #: afr00011 630.2405 Agrochemophysica. - Pretoria : A281 RID: 70-612638 ITEM #: afr00008 630.5 Agroplantae. - Pretoria : A2812 RID: 71-612641 ITEM #: afr00009 439.3632 Bosman, Daniel Brink, 1888- B743t Tweetalige woordeboek. -- 4., hersiene Ref. en sterk vermeerderde uitgawe. -- Kaapstad : Nasionale Boekhandel, 1962. RID: wln86-102300 ITEM #: afr00001 415 Botha, Rudolf P B749f The function of the lexicon ... RID: 68-59505 ITEM #: afr00002 001.505 Communicatio. -- Departement Kommunikasie- C7338 kunde, Universiteit van Suid Afrika. RID: 79-646254 ITEM #: afr00003 705 De Arte. - Pretoria : A7858 RID: 74-640608 ITEM #: afr00013 591.760968 De Moor, Irene J D384a Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa / Irene J. de Moor and M.N. Bruton. - Pretoria : Foundation for Research Development, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1988 Abstract in English and Afrikaans. RID: --- ITEM #: afr00012 968.063 The geography of change in South Africa / edited G345 by Anthony Lemon. -- Chichester, England : Wiley, 1995. RID: 94-21402 ITEM #: afr00005 709.04 Global conceptualism. - [S.l.] : Queens Museum of G5622 Art, RID: 97-75938 ITEM #: afr00007 809.8968 The lava of this land : South African poetry, L392 1960-1996. - [S.l.] : Triquarterly Books, 1997 RID: 97-15916 ITEM #: zul00002 598.2968 Newman, Kenneth B N5537n Newman's Birds of southern Africa : the green ed. -- [S.l.] : University Press of Florida, 1996 RID: 96-61705 ITEM #: afr00006 575.1063 South African Genetic Society. 1st Congress, S726p University of Pretoria, 1958 1st Verrigtinge. - Pretoria : 1958 RID: --- ITEM #: dut00092 575.1063 South African Genetic Society, 3rd Congress, S726p Pretoria, 1966 3rd Proceedings. - Pretoria : 1966 RID: --- ITEM #: dut00093 550.6 South African journal of geology. -- G3452t Johannesberg : RID: sn87-30226 ITEM #: afr00004 630.5 Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir landbouwetenskap. - S948 Pretoria : RID: 62-648 ITEM #: afr00010
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Flemish

updated 2-6-2003 Flemish (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the Franconian sub-branch of the Continental West Germanic sub-branch of the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. Flemish is spoken in the country of Belgium. It is essentially the same language as Dutch, but over time cultural and religious distinctions have led to their being treated as two separate languages. Flemish is also called Flamand(s) and Vlaams. It is written with the Latin alphabet. 599.7 Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge I59e Exploration du Parc National Albert. -- Bruxelles : Title page in French and Flemish. RID: --- ITEM #: fre03455 Q Rompaey, E van 581.9493 Atlas de la flore belge et luxembourgeoise ... . -- Bruxelles : R766a RID: 75-509664 ITEM #: fle00001
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Frisian

updated 2-6-2003 Frisian (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the Ingweonic sub-branch of the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. Thus, Frisian is the language most closely related to English. Frisian is spoken in the Friesland province of the Netherlands, and on the Frisian Islands (off the coast of the Netherlands and Germany). It is written with the Latin alphabet. 439.2 Postma, G P858L Lytse Fryske spraekleare it Westerlauwerskom 1900 hinne oangeande / fen G. Postma en P. de Clercq. -- Ljouwert : R. van der Velde, 1904 RID: wln83-80541 ITEM #: fri00001
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Germanic Languages

updated 9-9-2003 Germanic (Indo-Hittite) is one of the sub-branches of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. Germanic in turn has sub-branches: East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic, each with a number of languages. The languages of the West Germanic branch, particularly English and German, are very widely spoken; thus, Germanic languages are known in all parts of the world. (Please note that not all the Germanic languages are on this page.) 430.05 American journal of Germanic linguistics and literatures / A512 Society for Germanic Philology. -- Honolulu, Hawaii : College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature, University of Hawaii, 1989- RID: sn88-8731 ITEM #: gem00001 936.4 Dillon, Myles, 1900-1972 D479c The Celtic realms / Myles Dillon and Nora K. Chadwick. -- New York : New American Library, 1967 RID: 67-15326 ITEM #: wel00014 295 Haug, Martin, 1827-1876 H3712e Essays on the sacred language, writings and religion 2000 of the Parsis. -- London : Routledge, 2000 RID: --- ITEM #: gem00002 410.94 Walter, Henriette W232a L'aventure des langues en Occident. -- Paris : R. Laffont, 1994 RID: 95-141120 ITEM #: dan00033 417 Whatmough, Joshua, 1897-1964 W555d The dialects of ancient Gaul RID: 69-12739 ITEM #: cel00003
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Gothic

updated 4-3-2002 Gothic (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the East Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. Gothic was spoken until the sixth century in two dialects, Visigothic and Ostrogothic. A third dialect was found extant in the Crimea area in the 1560's, and is now called Crimean Gothic. It became extinct shortly after its discovery. Ancient Gothic was written with its own alphabet, based on the Greek. 439.98242 Bennett, William Holmes B472i An introduction to the Gothic language RID: 65-6300 ITEM #: got00001 936.4 Dillon, Myles, 1900-1972 D579c The Celtic realms / Myles Dillon and Nora K. Chadwick. - New York : New American Library, 1967 RID: 67-15326 ITEM #: wel00014 510.9 Smith, David Eugene, 1860-1944 S65r Rara arithmetica. - Boston : Ginn, 1908 RID: --- ITEM #: mul00058 472 Wiener, Leo, 1862- W647c Commentary to the Germanic ... RID: 15-25498 ITEM #: got00002 940.1 Wolfram, Herwig W861g.Ed [Geschichte der Goten. English] History of the Goths. - Berkeley : University of California Press, 1988 RID: 85-29044 ITEM #: got00003
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Icelandic

updated 3-7-2001 Icelandic (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the West Norse sub-branch of the Scandinavian or North Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. Because of its insular isolation, Icelandic is much closer to Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, than are the other Scandinavian languages. It is written with the Latin alphabet, but includes the letters "eth" (written as a "D" with a cross-mark) and "thorn" (written as if a small "b" were superimposed over a small "p"); these letters are no longer familiar to readers of modern English. Icelandic is the national language of the country of Iceland. 439.6 Cleasby, Richard, 1797-1847 C623i An Icelandic-English dictionary 1957 Ref. RID: 57-4901 ITEM #: ice00001 839.6 Craigie, Sir William Alexander, 1867- C886i The Icelandic sagas. -- Cambridge, Eng. : RID: wln82-14301 ITEM #: ice00004 839.6 Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. Norraen staffraeoi E211nEh First grammatical treatise. -- London : 1972 RID: 73-154120 ITEM #: ice00006 839.6 Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu ok Skald-Hrafns G976 The saga of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue. -- London : RID: a58-3880 ITEM #: ice00007 949.12003 Guthmundur Halfdanarson, 1956- G984h Historical dictionary of Iceland. - [S.l.] : Scarecrow Press, 1997. RID: 97-12399 ITEM #: ice00011 414 Interlanguage phonology : the acquisition of a I613 second language sound system / edited by Georgette Ioup, Steven H. Weinberger. -- Cambridge, MA : Newbury House Publishers, 1987. RID: 86-21830 ITEM #: dan00020 598.294 Jorgensen, Harriet I J82g Glossarium Europae avium. - Kobenhavn : RID: s41-50 ITEM #: lat00608 597.003 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. M6915 -- [S.l.] : Fishing News Books, 1995. RID: 95-206206 ITEM #: scx00014 439.65 Noreen, Adolf Gotthard, 1854-1925 N834a Altislandische und altnorwegische ... RID: 72-130813 ITEM #: ice00002 551.13 Palmason, Guthmundur P171c Crustal structure of Iceland from explosion seismology. -- Reykjavik : RID: 72-196732 ITEM #: ice00009 949.1 Shepherd, Charles William S548n.Is Islandsferth 1862. - Stofnsett : RID: --- ITEM #: ice00012 839.6 Sturlunga saga S935s Sturlunga saga ... . -- Oxford : RID: 12-39678 ITEM #: ice00008
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Old Norse

updated 1-8-2003 Old Norse (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the North Germanic or Scandinavian sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo- Hittite family of languages. Old Norse was spoken throughout Scandinavia and the North Atlantic region, from about 700 - 1100 A.D., reaching as far as Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the "Danelaw" in the British Isles and also to Normandy in France. It was the language used by the Vikings. Roughly about 1100, Old Norse split into East Norse and West Norse, which later gave rise to the modern Scandinavian languages, beginning about 1250 A.D. Early Old Norse was written with Viking runes; later, runes continued to be used, side by side with the Latin alphabet -- but the Norse added a few letters of their own to the latter. 839.609 Aebischer, Paul, 1897- A246t Textes norrois & litterature francaise du Moyen Age. -- Geneve : RID: a54-5790 ITEM #: nrs00001 841.1 Chrestien de Troyes, 12th cent. C553ey.Eb Erex saga and Ivens saga ... . -- Lincoln : RID: 77-5395 ITEM #: nrs00002 839.6 Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. Norraen staffraeoi E211nEh First grammatical treatise. -- London : 1972 RID: 73-154120 ITEM #: ice00006 930.003 Encyclopedia of the Ancient World / editor, Sharon E5647 Grimbly. -- London : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000 RID: --- ITEM #: myn00019 839.6 Gudbrandur Vigfusson, 1827-1889 G984c Corpvs poeticvm boreale. -- Oxford : RID: 13-19399 ITEM #: lat00336 829.09 Metcalfe, Frederick, 1815-1885 M588e The Englishman and the Scandinavian. -- London : RID: 11-18932 ITEM #: ice00003

Bibliography

Brink, David "Kian".  Old Norse. -- [Missoula, MT : D. Brink, 2001]

Gordon, E. V.  An introduction to Old Norse.  2nd ed.  Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1927.

Townend, Matthew.  Language and history in Viking age England : linguistic relations between
	speakers of Old Norse and Old English.  Turnhout, Belgium : Brepols, 2002.  (Studies in the
	early Middle Ages ; v. 6)

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Yiddish

updated 4-3-2002 Yiddish (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the same sub-branch of the Continental West Germanic sub-branch of the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family as does German. Yiddish is the variety of German spoken by the Jews in Germany since the Middle Ages, when Jews migrated to Germany from northern France; it also is spoken in Poland, Lithuania and Russia. Its vocabulary is 10% Hebrew, 10% Slavic, and 80% German. Until recently, Yiddish was understood by the majority of Jewish people around the world; now younger generations are tending to use the languages of their various homelands. Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet, with the addition of characters for the vowels. 839.110080973 American Yiddish poetry : a bilingual anthology. - A51294 [S.l.] : University of California Press, 1986 RID: -- ITEM #: yid00024 398.9391 Ayalti, Hanan J., 1910- , ed. A973y Yiddish proverbs. - New York : Schocken Books, 1949 The Yiddish is in transliteration. RID: 49-11135 ITEM #: yid00025 892.49108 Betsky, Sarah (Zweig), ed. B564o Onions and cucumbers and plums. -- Detroit : RID: 57-13203 ITEM #: yid00009 Q Bible. O.T. Hebrew. 1957 221.44 Torah neviim u-ketuvim B582t RID: ITEM #: yid00001 225.59249 Bible. N.T. Yiddish. 1959. Einspruch E35n [Title in Yiddish] 1959 RID: ITEM #: yid00002 437.947 Birnbaum, Solomon Asher, 1891- B619y Yiddish RID: 80-480492 ITEM #: yid00003 909.04924 Everyman's Judaica / edited by Geoffrey E936 Wigoder. - Jerusalem : Keter Pub. House Jerusalem, 1975 RID: 75-318522 ITEM #: heb00120 439.1 Feinsilver, Lillian Mermin F2996t The taste of Yiddish. - South Brunswick, N.J. : A.S. Barnes, 1980 RID: 70-88260 ITEM #: yid00021 409.47 Fouse, Gary C F781L The languages of the former Soviet republics. - [S.l.] : University Press of America, 2000 RID: 99-59842 ITEM #: lav00002 439.103 Galvin, Herman G182y The Yiddish dictionary sourcebook / by Herman Galvin & Stan Tamarkin. - Hoboken, N.J. : Ktav, 1986 RID: 86-1414 ITEM #: yid00022 780.944 Gartside, Robert R252Zg Interpreting the songs of Maurice Ravel. -- Geneseo, N.Y. : Leyerle Publications, 1992 RID: --- ITEM #: heb00098 439.1 Goldsmith, Emanuel S., 1935- G6241m Modern Yiddish culture. - New York : Shapolsky Publishers, 1987 RID: --- ITEM #: yid00021 392.5089924 Goodman, Philip, 1911- , ed. G6537j The Jewish marriage anthology / by Philip and Hanna Goodman. - Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America, 1965 RID: 65-17045 ITEM #: yid00017 437.947 Harkavy, Alexander, 1863-1939 H282e English-yidisher werterbuch Ref. RID: 46-39199 ITEM #: yid00004 974.71004924 How we lived / edited by Irving Howe and Kenneth H8479 Libo. - New York : R. Marek, 1979 RID: 79-13391 ITEM #: heb00130 780.9569 Idelsohn, A. Z. (Abraham Zebi), 1882-1938 I19j Jewish music in its historical development. 1956 -- New York : Schocken Books, 1967 RID: 67-25236 ITEM #: lad00008 808.85 Der Idish-Amerikaner redner. - New York : Hebrew I199 Pub. Co., 1907 In Hebrew, Yiddish, and English. RID: --- ITEM #: heb00133 892.4058 Jewish book annual. -- New York : X J59 RID: 44-6602 ITEM #: yid00008 439.183421 Kogos, Fred K789i Instant Yiddish. - Secaucus, N.J. : Citadel Press, 1967 RID: 67-4496 ITEM #: yid00026 398.20437 Ku bukh. English & Yiddish K95.Er Book of fables : the Yiddish fable collection of Reb Moshe Wallich, Frankfurt am Main, 1697 / translated and edited by Eli Katz. -- Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 1994. RID: 93-40736 ITEM #: yid00012 296.833 Mahler, Raphael, 1899- M2149h.Eo [Hasidut veha-Haskalah. English] Hasidism and the Jewish Enlightenment. - Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America, 1985 RID: 83-23890 ITEM #: heb00136 398.204391 Olsvanger, Immanuel, ed. O528r Royte pomerantsen : Jewish folk humor. - New York : Schocken Books, 1965 Yiddish in transliteration. RID: 47-23633 ITEM #: yid00023 892.493 Peretz, Isaac Leib, 1851 or 2-1915 P437ab.E [Selections. English. 1975] 1975 Selected stories. - New York : Schocken Books, 1975 Includes Yiddish in glossary. RID: 73-91342 ITEM #: yid00015 892.492 Rappoport, Solomon, 1863-1920 R221d.Ea The dybbuk. -- New York : RID: 26-11436 ITEM #: yid00010 437.947 Rosenbaum, Samuel R813y A Yiddish word book ... Ref. RID: 77-20021 ITEM #: yid00005 439.1 Rosten, Leo Calvin, 1908- R839h Hooray for Yiddish! - New York : Simon and Schuster, 1982 RID: 82-646 ITEM #: yid00019 437.947 Rosten, Leo Calvin, 1908- R839j The joys of Yiddish RID: 68-29915 ITEM #: yid00006 782.42162391 Rubin, Ruth R8965v Voices of a people. - Philadelphia : 1979 Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979 Yiddish and English. RID: 79-84679 ITEM #: yid00027 782.42162391 Rubin, Ruth R8965v Voices of a people. - New York : T. Yoseloff, 1964 Yiddish and English. RID: 63-18236 ITEM #: yid00028 439.1 Samuel, Maurice, 1895-1972 S1935i In praise of Yiddish. - Chicago : Henry Regnery, 1971 RID: 73-144347 ITEM #: yid00029 398.21089924 Schwartz, Howard, 1945- S3994e Elijah's violin & other Jewish fairy tales. - New York : Harper & Row, 1983 RID: 82-48133 ITEM #: heb00151 782.42162 Seeger, Pete, 1919- S451w Where have all the flowers gone : a singer's stories, songs, seeds, robberies. -- Bethlehem, PA : Sing Out, 1993. RID: 93-8352 ITEM #: dan00019 833.914 Seligmann, Rafael, 1947- S4658j Die jiddische Mamme. - [S.l.] : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1998 RID: --- ITEM #: rum00015 781.62924 Shiloah, Amnon S556j Jewish musical traditions. -- Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 1992. RID: 91-39456 ITEM #: yid00011 839.135 Sholem Aleichem, 1859-1916 S559ab.Eb [Short stories. English. Selections] 1983 Favorite tales of Sholem Aleichem. - New York : Avenel Books, 1983 Includes Yiddish glossary. RID: 83-12261 ITEM #: yid00020 839.135 Sholem Aleichem, 1859-1916 S559ab.E [Short stories. English. Selections] 1956 Selected stories of Sholem Aleichem. - New York : Modern Library, 1956 Includes Yiddish in glossary. RID: 56-8836 ITEM #: yid00014 782.42162 Silber, Irwin, 1925- , comp. S5821f Folksinger's wordbook. - [S.l.] Oak Publications, 1973 RID: 73-75905 ITEM #: ita00539 839.154 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 1904- S617n.E Nobel lecture. - New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979 Text of lecture in English and Yiddish. RID: 79-11568 ITEM #: yid00030 439.15 Weinreich, Uriel, 1926- W4242c College Yiddish. - New York : YIVO 1965 Institute for Jewish Research, 1965 RID: --- ITEM #: yid00018 437.947 Weinreich, Uriel W424m Modern English-Yiddish ... Ref. RID: 67-23848 ITEM #: yid00007 439.183421 Weinreich, Uriel W4242s Say it in Yiddish / edited by Uriel Weinreich and Beatrice Weinreich. - New York : Dover Publications, 1958 RID: 58-11287 ITEM #: yid00013 296 Zborowski, Mark Z398L Life is with people / Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. - New York : International Universities Press, 1952 Includes Yiddish glossary. RID: 52-7181 ITEM #: yid00016
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